Oct 03, · Continue Reading. RESEARCH PAPER ON ADHD. Abstract. Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobehavioral development disorder among children. In the United States there are at least 2 million grade school children that are diagnosed with the disorder (Dupper, ). ADHD is determined to be one of the most common development disorders in children (Barlow Nov 26, · Adhd Research Paper (Argumentative Essay) Over the past couple of decades there has been a huge increase in the diagnosis and prescriptions Estimated Reading Time: 13 mins Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most common neurobehavioral disorders presenting for treatment in children and adolescents. ADHD is often chronic with prominent symptoms and impairment spanning into adulthood. ADHD is often associated with co-occurring disorders including disruptive, mood, anxiety, and substance abuse. The diagnosis of ADHD is clinically established by Cited by:
ADHD Research Paper - Research Paper Examples - iResearchNet
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Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder ADHDalso called hyperkinetic disorder, is a neurobehavioral disorder or mental disorder that is typified either by significant inability to pay attention or control hyperactivity or impulsiveness, or a combination of those, research paper on adhd.
Symptoms typically manifest before patients turn seven years old Bray. There are three major types: ADHD-PI predominantly inattentiveADHD-HI hyperactive-impulsive or ADHD-C a combination. Many people refer to ADHD-PI as ADD because hyperactivity is not typically a part of the diagnosis. ADHD significantly impacts children of school age and leads to impulsive behaviors, restlessness and a general lack of focus which keeps them from learning effectively.
ADHD is the most frequently diagnosed and studies psychiatric disorder among children. Worldwide, it affects between three and five percent of all children; in school-aged children, it is found in between two and 16 percent. Between a third and a half of people who receive an ADHD diagnosis during childhood continue to have those symptoms during adulthood.
Adolescents and adults who have ADHD usually develop a series of coping mechanisms to compensate for the impairments that the condition causes Gentile et al. Between two and five percent of adults are estimated to be living with ADHD. It appears about three times as often in boys as it does in girls. However, the symptoms make it tricky to differentiate ADHD from some other disorders, which makes it likelier that ADHD diagnosis can be missed.
Also, many clinicians have not taken formalized training in the best methods for assessing and treating ADHD, particularly in adult age patients. Managing ADHD is different from patient to patient. However, a combination of counseling, lifestyle alterations, behavior therapy and medications is the general treatment pattern. Only those children who show severe symptoms of ADHD should start treatment with medications. Medical therapy should only be considered for moderate-symptom patients who do not agree to the psychotherapeutic treatment options or who fail to improve with that sort of treatment.
Because it involves school aged children, ADHD and its management have been a source of controversy for four decades now. These controversies have drawn in teachers, clinicians, research paper on adhd, policy planners, parents and even the media. Today, the vast majority of health care research paper on adhd view ADHD as an authentic disorder, meaning that the primary controversy has to do with diagnosis and treatment protocols.
The most common symptoms of ADHD are disruptive behavior, impulsivity, hyperactivity and inattention Bray. Academic struggles also are common, but they are not a necessary element for diagnosis. Because it is difficult to establish where normal metrics of those four symptoms lie for each individual child, though, planning initial treatment plans can be difficult. In order for a person to receive a diagnosis of ADHD, the symptoms must manifest research paper on adhd be observed in two different settings for at least six months, with a degree that must be higher than what is considered acceptable for a child of that age.
When those behaviors do not interfere with studies, relationships or work in a significant way, then a diagnosis of ADHD is inappropriate. However, for those who do have ADHD, there is an increased risk of difficulties with basic social skills, such as developing and maintaining friendships and interacting with others in social situations.
About half of all children and teens who have ADHD find rejection from peers, as opposed to about an eighth of children and teens who do not have ADHD. One form of treatment for these patient can include training in behaviors and social skills, as well as medications.
However, the key factor in eliminating the possibility of such psychopathological outcomes as criminal behavior, significant depression and substance abuse is the creation of friendships with others who do not get into delinquent activities Mikami.
Another unpleasant fact about ADHD is that it generally exists in combination with other disorders or problems. The co-incidence of ADHD with those conditions can make both diagnosis and treatment a lot more complicated.
There are significant conditions, though, that can manifest alongside ADHD and need their own courses of recommended treatment, research paper on adhd. Some of these associated conditions include: - Oppositional Defiant Disorder ODDwhich manifests with ADHD at about a rate of 50 percent, is typified by such antisocial signs as aggression, stubbornness, temper tantrums, lying, stealing or deceitfulness.
While this co-manifestation is so common, brain imaging technology has shown that these two have unique causes and are not related on a physiological level Mikami - Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder and other Mood Disorders; boys who have received a diagnosis of ADHD-C are more likely to have one of these related disorders.
Sometimes the medicines used to treat ADHD can cause insomnia; for this reason, behavioral therapy is a preferred first line of treatment in both cases. Other problems that commonly strike ADHD children include regular bed wetting and dyspraxia; about one of every two dyspraxic children also has ADHD Bray. Depression becomes more and more common among ADHD patients as they age from childhood into adolescence more frequently among girls than boys.
When mood disorders accompany ADHD, it is recommended to treat the mood disorder first Gentile et al. The causes of ADHD are not specifically known at this time Bray. There are many factors that contribute to its incidence, such as genetics, nutrition and general environment. Genetics plays a factor in about three of four ADHD cases, and hyperactivity also is passed down genetically quite frequently Bray.
Many of the genes that affect transportation of dopamine are the likely causes for ADHD to occur; candidate genes do include DAT1, research paper on adhd, DRD4, DRD5, 5HTT, HTR1B and SNAP25 Gizer, et al. Just a variant of the LPHN3 research paper on adhd causes almost a tenth of all cases of ADHD; cases in which that gene exists do respond well to stimulant medicines Gentile et al.
Another reason behind the growing incidence of ADHD is that natural selection may actually favor the condition. Some of the individual traits can be helpful by themselves, only to cause more dysfunction when they combine to form the disorder.
The research paper on adhd that women are research paper on adhd attracted to men who take risks means that men with ADHD are generally more attractive, placing more ADHD-likely genes into the pool Bray. Because people with ADHD tend to have some more success in tasks that involve competition, risk and behavior that is unpredictable, ADHD can be both beneficial for individuals and in social situations.
In societies that are less regimented than ours, such as nomadic ones or migratory ones, these traits actually cause significant social benefits. There are also some environmental factors that promote the development of ADHD. One is alcohol consumption during pregnancy; if the intake is high enough, it can give the child a place on the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, research paper on adhd, which produces similar to those of ADHD.
Those who are exposed to cigarette smoke during pregnancy can give their fetus impaired development, including elements of the central nervous system, which can also lead to symptoms that warrant an ADHD diagnosis.
While not all children exposes to these substances in the womb develop ADHD, there is the possibility that a combination of environmental and genetic factors leads to a greater likelihood of developing the condition.
Exposure to lead can also lead to similar neurocognitive deficits that look like ADHD, leading to positive diagnoses Bray. Other environmental factors include premature birth, extremely low weight at birth and early adversity in infancy can lead to ADHD, research paper on adhd.
About one in three children who have a traumatic brain injury as a child develop ADHD Eme. Diet is another factor that can lead to ADHD incidence. Benjamin Feingold, a pediatric allergist, was the first medical professional to suggest that additives and colorings in food could cause changes in juvenile behavior Bray.
The evidence between food coloring and hyperactivity is inconclusive, but for those children who already have a genetic predisposition toward ADHD, some food colorings could be a risk factor. Sunset yellow FCF, allura red, tartrazine, ponceau 4R, carmoisine and quinoline yellow have all been identified as the colorings with the most risk of causing ADHD in children Chapman.
There is also the possibility that social variables can lead to instances research paper on adhd ADHD. Dysfunction or other shortcomings in the family structure can cause neurological issues, and there is research indicating that strong relationships with caregivers have positive relationships on self-regulatory and attentional abilities.
One study indicated that foster children were much more likely to show symptoms of ADHD Finkelstein, et al. Homes with emotional abuse and violence also had children with signs of ADHD. Indeed, children and adolescents suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder PRSD show many symptoms that can be erroneously diagnoses as ADHD Chapman, research paper on adhd.
Because the specific causes of ADHD are not proven beyond a doubt, though, eliminating the disorder is not currently an option open to scientists.
Given the fact that there are several positive personality traits research paper on adhd with the disorder, it might not be prudent to eliminate it anyway. Rather, the challenge is on instructional designers to find ways to channel the energies of ADHD children effectively, so that classroom instruction can take place, and children everywhere on the spectrum of ADHD can learn.
Bray, Melissa A. The Oxford Handbook of School Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, Chapman, Sarah. pdf Eme, R. Gentile, Julie, Atiq, R.
Gizer, research paper on adhd, I. and Waldman, I. Mikami, A. National Institute of Mental Health. We accept sample papers from students via the submission form. If this essay belongs to you and you no longer want us to display it, you can put a claim on it and we will remove it. Just fill out the removal request form with all necessary details, such as page location and some verification of you being a true owner.
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ADD/ADHD - Diagnostic and Treatment Strategies that Work
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Dec 08, · Studies imply that ADHD conditions run in families and therefore, genes play a key role in contributing to the condition. Children that carry a particular type of gene have a thinner brain tissue in the parts of the brain that are tasked with attention ADHD Research Paper Outline. I. Introduction. It is not unusual for young children to be energetic and active, or to become bored quickly and move II. Historical Context of ADHD. Serious clinical interest in children who have severe problems with inattention, III. ADHD Description and Estimated Reading Time: 10 mins Some professionals prefer to use this book for mental disorders, while others opt to use the newer addition of this publication called the DSM-V. As a whole, this document describes ADHD as “persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that
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