Gay marriage: Exploring the biological aspects of same-sex weddings in North America. Minamata disease: A critical look into the origin, populations affected, and transgenerational impact of this disease on Japan. Asthma disease in Yokkaichi: A critical look into the cause, people affected, and transgenerational effect on Japan Jul 11, · Third, appeal to an existing definition in the context of debate over what the law of marriage, or its moral obligations, should be risks begging the question: in debate over same-sex marriage, for example, appeal to the current legal definition begs the normative question of Aug 26, · Since legalizing gay marriage in , Massachusetts’ divorce rate has dropped twenty-one percent. In comparison, Alaska, which was the first state to make an amendment to its state constitution banning gay marriage in , has had the largest
LGBT movements - Wikipedia
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender LGBT movements are social movements that advocate for LGBT people in society. Social movements may focus on equal rightssuch as the ongoing movement for same-sex marriageor they may focus on liberation, as in the gay liberation movement of the s and s. Earlier movements focused on self-help and self-acceptance, such as the homophile movement of the s.
Although there is not a primary or an overarching central organization that represents all LGBT people and their interests, numerous LGBT rights organizations are active worldwide. The earliest organizations to support LGBT rights were formed in the early 20th century. A commonly stated goal among these movements is social equality for LGBT people, but there is still denial of full LGBT rights. Sociologist Mary Bernstein writes: "For the lesbian and gay movement, then, cultural goals include but are not limited to challenging dominant constructions of masculinity and femininityhomophobiaand the primacy of the gendered heterosexual nuclear family heteronormativity.
Political goals include changing laws and policies to gain new rights, should gay marriage be legal essay, benefits, and protections from harm. As with other social movements, there is also conflict within and between LGBT movements, especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who represents the constituency of these movements, and this also applies to changing education.
Leaders of the lesbian and gay movement of the s, 80s and 90s often attempted to hide masculine lesbians, feminine should gay marriage be legal essay mentransgender people, and bisexuals from the public eye, creating internal divisions within LGBT communities.
This is due to misconceptions and conflicting views as to what entails "LGBT". For example, transgender people found that other members of the community were not understanding to their own, individual, specific needs and would instead make ignorant assumptions, and this can cause health risks.
Evidently, even though most of these people would say that they stand for the same values as the majority of the community, should gay marriage be legal essay, there are still remaining inconsistencies even within the LGBT community.
LGBT movements have often adopted a kind of identity politics that sees gay, bisexual, and transgender people as a fixed class of people; a minority group or groups, and this is very common among LGBT communities, should gay marriage be legal essay. Such attempts are often based in religious beliefs that perceive gay, lesbian, and bisexual activity as immoral.
However, others within LGBT movements have criticized identity politics as limited and flawed, elements of the queer movement have argued that the categories of gay and lesbian are restrictive, and attempted to deconstruct those categories, which are seen to "reinforce rather than challenge a cultural system that will always mark the non heterosexual as inferior.
After the French Revolution the anticlerical feeling in Catholic countries coupled with the liberalizing effect of the Napoleonic Code made it possible to sweep away sodomy laws.
However, in Protestant countries, should gay marriage be legal essay the church was less severe, there was no general reaction against statutes that were religious in origin. As a result, many of those countries retained their statutes on sodomy until late in the 20th century.
However,some countries still have retained their statutes on sodomy. for example in a case in India's high court was judged using a year-old reading that was punishing sodomy. In eighteenth - and nineteenth-century Europesame-sex sexual behavior and cross-dressing were widely considered to be socially unacceptable, and were serious crimes under sodomy and sumptuary laws.
There were, however, should gay marriage be legal essay, some exceptions. For example, in the 17th-century cross-dressing was common in plays, as evident in the content of many of William Shakespeare 's plays and by the actors in actual performance since female roles in Elizabethan theater were always performed by males, usually prepubescent boys. Thomas Cannon wrote what may be the earliest published defense of homosexuality in English, Ancient and Modern Pederasty Investigated and Exemplify'd Although only fragments of his work have survived, it was a humorous anthology of homosexual advocacy, written with an obvious enthusiasm for its subject.
Desire is an amatory Impulse of the inmost human Parts: Are not they, however, constructed, and consequently impelling Nature? Social reformer Jeremy Bentham wrote the first known argument for homosexual law reform in England aroundshould gay marriage be legal essay, at a time when the legal penalty for buggery was death by hanging. His advocacy stemmed from his utilitarian should gay marriage be legal essayin which the morality of an action is determined by the net consequence of that action on human well-being.
He argued that homosexuality was a victimless crimeand therefore not deserving of social approbation or criminal charges. He regarded popular negative attitudes against homosexuality as an irrational prejudice, fanned and perpetuated by religious teachings.
The emerging currents of secular humanist thought that had inspired Bentham also informed the French Revolutionand when the newly formed National Constituent Assembly began drafting the policies and laws of the new republic ingroups of militant "sodomite-citizens" in Paris petitioned the Assemblée nationalethe governing body of the French Revolutionfor freedom and recognition.
With the introduction of the Napoleonic Code inthe Duchy of Warsaw also decriminalized homosexuality. Inthe new Penal Code of the Brazilian Empire did not repeat the title XIII of the fifth book of the "Ordenações Philipinas", should gay marriage be legal essay, which made sodomy a crime.
Inan anonymous English-language writer wrote a poetic defense of Captain Nicholas Nicholls, who had been sentenced to death in London for sodomy:. Whence spring these inclinations, rank and strong? And harming no one, wherefore call them wrong?
Three years later in Switzerland, should gay marriage be legal essay, Heinrich Hoessli published the first volume of Eros: Die Männerliebe der Griechen English: "Eros: The Male Love of the Greeks"another defense of same-sex love. In many ways, social attitudes to homosexuality became more hostile during the late Victorian era.
Inshould gay marriage be legal essay, the Labouchere Amendment was included in the Criminal Law Amendment Act[21] which criminalized 'any act of gross indecency with another male person'; a charge that was successfully invoked to convict playwright Oscar Wilde in with the most severe sentence possible under the Act.
The first person known to describe himself as a drag queen was William Dorsey Swannborn enslaved in Hancock, Maryland. Swann was the first American on record who pursued legal should gay marriage be legal essay political action to defend the LGBTQ community 's right to assemble, should gay marriage be legal essay. Swann was arrested in police raids numerous times, including in the first documented case of arrests for female impersonation in the United States, on April 12, From the s, social reformers began to defend homosexuality, but due to the controversial nature of their advocacy, kept their identities secret.
Ives met Wilde at the Authors' Club in London in InIves created and founded the first homosexual rights group, the Order of Chaeronea. John Addington Symonds was a poet and an early advocate of male love. Inhe wrote A Problem in Greek Ethicsa work of what would later be called " gay history. Chaddock for introducing "homosexual" into the English language inSymonds had already used the word in A Problem in Greek Ethics. Symonds also translated classical poetry on homoerotic themes, and wrote poems drawing on ancient Greek imagery and language such as Eudiadeswhich has been called "the most famous of his homoerotic poems".
By the end of his life, Symonds' homosexuality had become an open secret in Victorian literary and cultural circles.
In particular, Symonds' memoirs, written over a four-year period, from toform one of the earliest known works of self-conscious homosexual autobiography in English. The recently decoded autobiographies of Anne Lister are an earlier example in English. Another friend of Ives was the English socialist poet Edward Carpenter.
Carpenter thought that homosexuality was an innate and natural human characteristic and that it should not be regarded as a sin or a criminal offense. In the s, Carpenter began a concerted effort to campaign against discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientationpossibly in response to the recent death of Symonds, whom he viewed as his campaigning inspiration.
His book on the subject, The Intermediate Sexwould become a foundational text of the LGBT movements of the 20th century. Scottish anarchist John Henry Mackay also wrote in defense of same-sex love and androgyny. English sexologist Havelock Ellis wrote the first objective scientific study of homosexuality inin which he treated it as a neutral sexual condition.
Called Sexual Inversion it was first printed in German and then translated into English a year later. In the book, Ellis argued that same-sex relationships could not be characterized as a pathology or a crime and that its importance rose above the arbitrary restrictions imposed by society. The book was so controversial at the time that one bookseller was charged in court for holding copies of the work. It is claimed that Ellis coined the term 'homosexual', but in fact he disliked the word due to its conflation of Greek and Latin.
These early proponents of LGBT rights, such as Carpenter, were often aligned with a broader socio-political movement known as ' free love '; a critique of Victorian sexual morality and the traditional institutions of family and marriage that were seen to enslave women.
Some advocates of free love in the early 20th century, including Russian anarchist and feminist Emma Goldmanalso spoke in defense of same-sex love and challenged repressive legislation.
An early LGBT movement also began in Germany at the turn of the 20th century, centering on the doctor and writer Magnus Hirschfeld, should gay marriage be legal essay.
In he formed the Scientific-Humanitarian Committee campaign publicly against the notorious law " Paragraph ", should gay marriage be legal essay, which made sex between men illegal. Adolf Brand later broke away from the group, should gay marriage be legal essay, disagreeing with Hirschfeld's medical view of the " intermediate sex ", seeing male-male sex as merely an aspect of manly virility and male social bonding. Brand should gay marriage be legal essay the first to use " outing " as a political strategy, claiming that German Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow engaged in homosexual activity.
The book Sind es Frauen? Roman über das Dritte Geschlecht English: Are These Women? Novel about the Third Sex by Aimée Duc was as much a political treatise as a novel, criticizing pathological theories of homosexuality and gender inversion in women. Rüling, who also saw "men, women, and homosexuals" as three distinct genders, called for an alliance between the women's and sexual reform movements, but this speech is her only known contribution to the cause.
Women only began to join the previously male-dominated sexual reform movement around when the German government tried to expand Paragraph to outlaw sex between women. Heterosexual feminist leader Helene Stöcker became a prominent figure in the movement. Friedrich Radszuweit published LGBT literature and magazines in Berlin e. Hirschfeld, whose life was dedicated to social progress for people who were transsexual, transvestite and homosexual, formed the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft Institute for Sexology in The institute conducted an enormous amount of research, saw thousands of transgender and homosexual clients at consultations, should gay marriage be legal essay championed a broad range of sexual reforms including sex education, contraception and women's rights.
However, the gains made in Germany would soon be drastically reversed with the rise of Nazismand the institute and its library were destroyed in The Swiss journal Der Kreis was the only part of the movement to continue through the Nazi era. USSR's Criminal Code of decriminalized homosexuality. This step was part of a larger project of freeing sexual relationships and expanding women's rights — including legalizing abortion, granting divorce on demand, equal rights for women, and attempts to socialize housework.
During Stalin's era, however, USSR reverted all these progressive measures — re-criminalizing homosexuality and imprisoning gay men and banning abortion. InEnglish writer Radclyffe Hall published a novel titled The Well of Loneliness.
Its plot centers on Stephen Gordon, a woman who identifies herself as an invert after reading Krafft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualisand lives within the homosexual subculture of Paris. The novel included a foreword by Havelock Ellis and was intended to be a call for tolerance for inverts by publicizing their disadvantages and accidents of being born inverted.
In the United States, several secret or semi-secret groups were formed explicitly to advance the rights of homosexuals as early as the turn of the 20th century, but little is known about them. Immediately following World War II should gay marriage be legal essay, a number of homosexual rights groups came into being or were revived across the Western world, in Britain, France, Germany, the Netherlands, the Scandinavian countries and the United States.
These groups usually preferred the term homophile to homosexualemphasizing love over sex. The homophile movement began in the late s with groups in the Netherlands and Denmark, and continued throughout the s and s with groups in Sweden, Norway, the United States, FranceBritain and elsewhere. ONE, Inc. S, [37] was bankrolled by the wealthy transsexual man Reed Erickson. transgender rights journal, Transvestia: The Journal of the American Society for Equality in Dressalso published two issues in The homophile movement lobbied to establish a prominent influence in political systems of social acceptability.
Radicals of the s would later disparage the homophile groups for should gay marriage be legal essay assimilationist. Any demonstrations were orderly and polite. S, [39] and a national organization had been formed, but they were largely ignored by the media.
A gay march held in front of Independence Hall in Should gay marriage be legal essay, according to some historians, marked the beginning of the modern gay rights movement, should gay marriage be legal essay. Meanwhile, in San Francisco, the LGBT youth organization Vanguard was formed by Adrian Ravarour to demonstrate for equality, and Vanguard members protested for equal rights during the months of April—Julyfollowed by the August Compton's riot, where transgender street prostitutes in the poor neighborhood of Tenderloin rioted against police harassment at a popular all-night restaurant, Gene Compton's Cafeteria.
Justice: What's The Right Thing To Do? Episode 12: \
, time: 55:11Marriage and Domestic Partnership (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Gay marriage: Exploring the biological aspects of same-sex weddings in North America. Minamata disease: A critical look into the origin, populations affected, and transgenerational impact of this disease on Japan. Asthma disease in Yokkaichi: A critical look into the cause, people affected, and transgenerational effect on Japan Nowadays divorce is one of the biggest problems of society in particular families. A divorce is a concluding legal dissolution of marriage. According to the statistic, million marriages and thousand divorces took place in the EU in The issue of legal recognition of same-sex marriage attracted mainstream attention infrequently until the s. A sympathetic reporter heard several gay men raise the issue in and described it as "high among the deviate's hopes". In one early incident, gay activist Jack Baker brought suit against the state of Minnesota in after being denied a marriage license to marry another man
No comments:
Post a Comment