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Thesis - Wikipedia
A master's degree [note 1] from Latin magister is an academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice. Within the area studied, master's graduates are expected to possess advanced knowledge of a specialized body of theoretical and applied topics; high order skills in analysiswikipedia master thesis, critical evaluationwikipedia master thesis, or professional application; wikipedia master thesis the ability to solve complex problems and think rigorously and independently.
The master's degree dates back to the origin of European universities, wikipedia master thesis, with a Papal bull of decreeing that anyone admitted to the mastership in the University of Toulouse should be allowed to teach freely in any other university. The original meaning of the master's degree was thus that someone who had been admitted to the rank degree of master i. teacher in one university should be admitted to the same rank in other universities.
This gradually became formalised as the licentia docendī licence to teach. Originally, masters and doctors were not distinguished, but by the 15th century it had become customary in the English universities to refer to the teachers in the wikipedia master thesis faculties arts and grammar as masters and those in the higher faculties as doctors.
From the late Middle Ages until the nineteenth century, the pattern of degrees was therefore to have a bachelor's and master's degree in the lower faculties and to have bachelor's and doctorates in the higher faculties. In the United States, the first master's degrees Magister Artiumor Master of Arts were awarded at Harvard University soon after its foundation. The nineteenth century wikipedia master thesis a great expansion in the variety of master's degrees offered.
At the start of the century, the only master's degree was the MA, and this was normally awarded without any further study or examination. The Master in Surgery degree was introduced wikipedia master thesis the University of Wikipedia master thesis in In Scotland, Edinburgh maintained separate BA and MA degrees until the mid-nineteenth century, [11] although there were major doubts as to the quality of the Scottish degrees of this period.
In Lord Broughamthe Lord Chancellor and an alumnus of the University of Edinburgh, told the House of Lords that "In England the Universities conferred degrees after a considerable period of residence, after much labour performed, wikipedia master thesis, and if they were not in all respects so rigorous as the statutes of the Universities required, wikipedia master thesis, nevertheless it could not be said, that Masters of Arts were created at Oxford and Cambridge as they were in Scotland, without any residence, or without some kind of examination.
In Scotland, all the statutes of the Universities which enforced conditions on the grant of degrees were a dead letter, wikipedia master thesis.
It was not until that separate examinations were reintroduced for the MA in England, at the newly established Durham University even though, as in the ancient English universities, this was to confer full membershipwikipedia master thesis be followed in by the similarly new University of Londonwhich was only empowered by its charter to grant degrees by examination.
In the US, wikipedia master thesis, the revival of master's degrees as an examined qualification began in at the University of North Carolinafollowed by the University of Michigan in[17] although the idea of a master's degree as an earned second degree was not well established until the s, alongside the PhD as the terminal degree.
in Michigan the "in course" MA was introduced in and was last awarded inwhile the "on examination" MA was introduced in Probably the most important master's degree introduced in the 19th century was the Master of Science MS in the US, MSc in the UK. At the University of Michigan this was introduced in two forms in "in course", first awarded inand "on examination", first awarded in wikipedia master thesis The "in course" MS was last awarded in When London introduced its Faculty of Sciences inthe University wikipedia master thesis granted a new charter giving it the power "to confer wikipedia master thesis several Degrees of Bachelor, Master, and Doctor, in Arts, Laws, wikipedia master thesis, Science, Medicine, Music", wikipedia master thesis, [20] but wikipedia master thesis degrees it awarded in science were the Bachelor of Science and the Doctor of Science.
InOxford introduced the Master of Natural Science, along with the Bachelor of Natural Science, to stand alongside the MA and BA degrees and be awarded to students who took their degrees in the honours school of natural sciences.
The Master of Science MSc degree was finally introduced in Britain in at Durham, [27] followed by the new Victoria University in At the start of the twentieth century, there were, therefore, four different sorts of master's degree in the UK: the Scottish MAgranted as a first degree; the Master of Arts Oxbridge and Dublingranted to all BA graduates a certain period after their first degree without further study; master's degrees that could be gained either by further study or by gaining an honours degree which, at the time in the UK involved further study beyond the ordinary degree, as it still does in Scotland and some Commonwealth countries ; and master's degrees that could only be obtained by further study including all London master's degrees.
Inthe London Wikipedia master thesis News criticised the practice of Oxford and Cambridge, calling their MAs "the most stupendous of academic frauds" and "bogus degrees". does not pretend to be a reward of learning" and that "it is rather absurd to describe one of their degrees as a bogus one because other modern Universities grant the same degree for different reasons".
InDartmouth College introduced the Master of Commercial Science MCSfirst awarded in This was the first master's degree in business, the forerunner of the modern MBA. In the s, new Scottish universities except for Dundee, which inherited the undergraduate MA from St Andrews reintroduced the BA as their undergraduate degree in Arts, restoring the MA to its position as a postgraduate qualification. Oxford and Cambridge retained their MAs, but renamed many of their postgraduate bachelor's degrees in the higher faculties as master's degrees, wikipedia master thesis. the Cambridge LLB became the LLM in[35] and the Oxford BLitt, BPhil except in philosophy and BSc became the MLitt, MPhil and MSc.
Inthe Engineering Council issued a "'Statement on enhanced and extended undergraduate engineering degree courses", proposing the establishment of a four-year first degree Master of Engineering, wikipedia master thesis.
This development was noted by the Dearing Report into UK Higher Education inwhich called for the establishment of a national framework of qualifications and identified five different routes wikipedia master thesis master's degrees: wikipedia master thesis. This led to the establishment of the Quality Assurance Agencywhich was charged with drawing up the framework, wikipedia master thesis.
In renewed pressure was put on Oxbridge MAs in the UK Parliament, wikipedia master thesis, with Labour MP Jackie Lawrence introducing an early day motion calling for them to be scrapped and telling the Times Higher Education it was a "discriminatory practice" and that it "devalues and undermines the efforts of students at other universities". The QAA released the first "framework for higher education qualifications in England, Wales and Northern Ireland" in January This specified learning outcomes for M-level master's degrees and advised that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met those learning outcomes in full, wikipedia master thesis.
It addressed many of the Dearing Report's concerns, specifying that shorter courses at H-level honourse. conversion courses, should be styled Graduate Diploma or Graduate Certificate rather than as master's degrees, but confirmed that the extended undergraduate degrees were master's degrees, saying that "Some Wikipedia master thesis degrees in science and engineering are awarded after extended undergraduate programmes that last, typically, a year longer than Honours degree programmes".
It also addressed the Oxbridge MA issue, wikipedia master thesis, noting that "the MAs granted by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge are not academic qualifications". It was specified that the title "Master" should only be used for qualifications that met the learning outcomes and credit definitions, although it was noted that "A small number of universities in Scotland have a long tradition of labelling certain first wikipedia master thesis as 'MA'.
Reports of Agency reviews of such provision will relate to undergraduate benchmarks and will make it clear that the title reflects Scottish custom and practice, and that any positive judgement on wikipedia master thesis should not be taken as implying that the outcomes of the programme were at postgraduate level.
The Bologna declaration in started the Bologna Processleading to the creation of the European Higher Education Area EHEA. This established a three-cycle bachelor's—master's—doctorate classification of degrees, leading to the adoption of master's degrees across the continent, often replacing older long-cycle qualifications such as the Magister artsDiplom sciences and state registration professional awards in Germany.
This led to questions as to the status of the integrated master's degrees and one-year master's degrees in the UK. Master's degrees are commonly titled using the form 'Master of is specified.
degrees, which normally consist of a mixture of research and taught material. The title of Master of Philosophy MPhil indicates in the same manner as Doctor of Philosophy an extended degree with a large research component. Integrated wikipedia master thesis degrees and postgraduate master's degrees oriented towards professional practice are often more specifically named for their field of study "tagged degrees"including, for example, Master of Business AdministrationMaster of DivinityMaster of EngineeringMaster of Physicswikipedia master thesis, and Master of Public Health.
The form "Master in Master in Science MSci and Master in Arts MArts. This form is also sometimes used with other integrated master's degrees [50] and occasionally for postgraduate master's degrees e. Master's in Accounting. Examples of the reversed usage include Harvard Universitythe University of Chicagoand MITleading to the abbreviations A. and S. for these degrees. The forms "Master of Science" and "Master in Science" are indistinguishable in Latin.
In the UK, full stops periods are not commonly used in degree abbreviations. BS, PhD. Master of Science is generally abbreviated M. or MS in countries following United States usage and MSc or M. in countries following British usage, where MS would refer to the degree of Master of Surgery, wikipedia master thesis. In Australia, some extended master's degrees use the title "doctor": Juris doctor and Doctors of Medical Practice, Physiotherapy, Dentistry, Optometry and Veterinary Practice.
Despite their titles these are still master's degree and may not be referred to as doctoral degrees, nor may graduates use the title "doctor". The UK Quality Assurance Agency defines three categories of master's degrees: [59].
The United States Department of Education classifies master's degrees as research or professional. Research master's degrees in the US e.
require the completion of taught courses and examinations in a major and one or more minor subjects, as well as normally a research thesis. Professional master's degrees may be structured like research master's e. or may concentrate on a specific discipline e. and often substitute a project for the thesis.
The Australian Qualifications Framework classifies master's degrees as researchcoursework or extended. Research master's degrees typically take one to two years, and two thirds of their content consists of research, research training and independent study.
Coursework master's degrees typically also last one to two years, and consist mainly of structured learning with some independent research and project work or practice-related learning. Extended master's degrees typically take three to four years and contain significant practice-related learning that must be developed in collaboration with relevant professional, statutory or regulatory bodies. In Ireland, master's degrees may be either Taught or Research.
Taught master's degrees are normally one to two year courses, rated wikipedia master thesis 60 - ECTS credits, while research master's degrees are normally two year courses, either rated at ECTS credits or not credit rated, wikipedia master thesis.
There is a range of wikipedia master thesis to the degree with entry based on evidence of a capacity to undertake higher level studies in a proposed field. A dissertation may or may not be required depending on the program. In general, structure and duration of a program of study leading to a master's degree will differ by country and university, wikipedia master thesis.
Master's programs in the US and Canada are normally two wikipedia master thesis full-time in length. In the UK, postgraduate master's degrees typically take one to two years full-time or two to four years part-time.
Taught degrees of both forms typically take a full calendar year UK creditscompared to for an academic yearwhile research degrees are not typically credit wikipedia master thesis but may take up to two years to complete.
An MPhil normally takes two calendar years credits. An integrated master's degree which is always a taught degree combines a bachelor's degree course with an additional year of study credits at master's level for a four England, Wales wikipedia master thesis Northern Ireland or five Scotland academic year total period. In Australia, master's degrees vary from one year for a "research" or "coursework" master's following on from an Australian honours degree in a related field, with an extra six months if following on straight from an ordinary bachelor's degree and another extra six months if following on from a degree in a different field, to four years for an "extended" master's degree.
At some Australian universities, the master's degree may take up to two years. In the Overarching Framework of Qualifications for the European Higher Education Area defined as part of the Bologna processa "second cycle" i. master's degree programme is typically 90— ECTS credits, with a minimum requirement of at least 60 ECTS credits at second-cycle level.
The Framework for Higher Education Qualification FHEQ in England Wales and Northern Ireland level 7 qualifications and the Framework for Qualification of Higher Education Institutes in Scotland FQHEIS level 11 qualifications postgraduate and integrated master's degrees, except for MAs from the ancient universities of Scotland and Oxbridge MAs have been certified as meeting this requirement.
Irish master's degrees are one to two years 60— ECTS credits for taught degrees and two years not credit rated for taught and research degrees. These have also been certified as compatible with the FQ-EHEA. Admission to a master's degree normally requires successful completion of study at bachelor's degree level either for postgraduate degrees as a stand-alone degree or for integrated degrees as part of an integrated scheme of study. In countries where the bachelor's degree with honours is the standard undergraduate degree, this is often the normal entry qualification.
In the UK, students will normally need to have a Students may also have to provide evidence of their ability to successfully pursue a postgraduate degree to be accepted into a taught master's course, and possibly higher for a research master's. In some European countries, a magister is a first degree and may be considered equivalent to a modern standardized master's degree e.
How to write a Master’s Thesis - Academic writing tips and advice for writing a dissertation
, time: 18:46Master of Science - Wikipedia
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Jump to navigation Jump to search. Master's thesis by C. E. Shannon. A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits is the title of a master's thesis written by computer science pioneer Claude E. Shannon while attending the Massachusetts Institute of Here Master Thesis Wikipedia you are! Our writers always send orders on time, and in 90% of cases, they send ready works even several days before. That is all! After that, you simply have to wait for the paper to be done. As you can see, it is extremely simple – so why not visit us right now and say, “I want Master Thesis Wikipedia/10() Dec 18, · Wikipedia Master Thesis service, we have our own plagiarism-detection Wikipedia Master Thesis software which is designed to find similarities between completed papers and online sources. You can be sure that our custom-written papers are original and properly cited/10()
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